early cellular responses to TNF did not rely on TRIF
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BM from CD45.2 B6 or Trif−/− donors
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these findings highlighted the importance of a balanced immune response, because the low levels of cytokine production observed in Trif−/− mice (Fig. 3, C to E) were sufficient to promote immune cell recruitment and/or proliferation in the spleen (Fig. 4, B to D) without driving massive cell death (Fig. 3, F to K) and animal lethality
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the number of macrophages and neutrophils was markedly decreased in B6 spleens and increased in the spleens of Trif−/− mice in response to TNF
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immune cell recruitment to and/or proliferation in the spleen in the absence of overwhelming cell death
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RPMs containing phagocytosed erythrocytes
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phagocytosis of damaged and senescent erythrocytes and produce type I IFNs
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splenic red pulp macrophages (RPMs) and erythrocytes
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single-cell RNA sequencing (SCS) on the spleens of mice 4 hours after injection with TNF.
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TLR3 and TLR4 may sequester stores of TRIF, dampening the response to TNF.
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spleen TNF and IFN-β levels were significantly attenuated in Trif−/−, Cd14−/−, and Trif−/−Cd14−/− mice
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TNF-induced splenic cell death was markedly decreased in Trif−/− mice
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increased leukocyte (mainly neutrophil) infiltration that was absent in the TNF-treated TRIF-deficient animals
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a potential background change in mice with TRIF deficiency.
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lytic cell death and liver damage
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microbial leakage from the gut and the release of endogenous damage signals could be responsible for driving our TRIF-dependent phenotype in response to TNF.
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These findings support a model in which, in the absence of TAK1 activity, TRIF-mediated activation downstream of TNF-R1 leads to the formation of a TRIF-dependent prodeath complex (prodeath TRIFosome) containing FADD, RIPK1, and caspase-8, which amplifies cell death via enhanced activation of GSDMD and executioner caspases (Fig. 1, G and H).
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the TRIFosome, a pro-death complex formed downstream of the TLR4-adaptor TRIF, in TNF-induced sepsis in mice.
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antioxidants inhib
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related samples Wilcoxon signed rank test)
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